Revolution, asylum and mobility explored how varying processes of political, economic, and social contestation in north africa and the levant have affected human mobility. This is an arab revolution 27 atlantic centrism 30 is cairo the next new york. Causes of the arab spring causes of the arab spring may be described as following. Analysis of the arab spring 3 blunders in state response, in particular using a heavyhanded approach and trying to crush opposition, had the reverse effect of galvanising more people to join the protests icg, 2011b and 2011d. The words arabs use to describe themselves are far stronger and more substantive than arab spring. The roots and causes of the 2011 arab uprisings kamal eldin osman salih abstract. Home this guide lists online and print sources for what has become known as the arab spring, the popular revolutionary wave in the middle east and north africa that started in december 2010. This article gives a good account of the origins of the arab spring in tunisia and how the movement spread throughout the region. The arab spring of discontent einternational relations. Reflections from october 2011 to september 20 67 1. Which iranian uprising does the arab spring bring to mind. Recent sectarian clashes suggest a much darker outcome.
He certainly could not have foreseen that he would motivate the peoples of the arab world1 to seek social change in the collection of demonstrations. A simple compartmental model for the dynamics of a revolution j. The armed forces played a decisive role in many of the arab uprisings, particularly the early ones. The arab world cant feed itself, and thats how the regions dictators like it. But some arab spring countries are coping better than others with the impact of this years regionwide unrest and its unpredictable consequences. This chapter seeks reasons for why the events of the arab spring occurred and if the u. Ben alis in tunisia on 17 january, mubaraks in egypt on 11 february, qadhafis in libya on 23 august, and saleh in yemen. Revolution and political transformation in the middle east. The arab springs violent turn the national interest. From revolution to civil war 78 zones and does not tightly define civil war versus other intrastate conflict. Social media, mediation and the arab revolutions miriyam aouragh oxford university, oxford, united kingdom, miriyam. The dynamics of the arab spring protests depending on political preference, either the islamic revolution of 197879 in iran or the cedar revolution of march 2005 in lebanon is cited as the role model for the arab springs oppositional mobilization.
Thi s researc h articl e attempts to scrutinize the nature and cause s of the ara b uprising s which too k people by surpris e globall y throughou t 2011 and int o 2012. In tunisia, act of one fruit vendor unleashes wave of revolution through the arab world by marc fisher, the washington post, march 26, 2011. Most of the arab regimes, with the exception of a few, are classified as highly authoritarian systems. Uprisings occurred in states regardless of their levels of internet usage, with some states with high levels of internet usage such as bahrain, with 88% of its population online in 2011. Tunisia people were ready for a revolution and the government responded the rebellious act brutally rebellion but the rebels fight was not long, as various rebel militias effectively convinced the country among them, leaving a weak central government that continues to struggle. Critics of the arab spring argue the success of the iraqi democracy is a result of the u. Davin chor is assistant professor of economics, singapore management university, singapore. Press, 1999 and jillian schwedler, faith in moderation. In tunisia, rates were about % at the beginning of the unrest. The possible outcome of the arab spring scenarios for the future i.
Over the last few weeks i have participated in three major workshops including nearly 50. Campante is assistant professor of public policy, harvard kennedy school, cambridge, massachusetts. Unlike many other revolutions that swept the globe to topple autocratic regimes, the arab. Youth unemployment between 1829 ages, which served as the main reason for the revolution, was %30 in 2010 ifad, 2011. Arab spring used their powers vehemently to crush the demonstrators and consequently the peaceful protesters also became violent. Why workers arent joining the protests, time, 22 february 2011.
The repressive and violent nature of the arab regimes also ranks high on the list of major factors culminating in the 2011 arab uprisings. Revolution, counterrevolution and the making of a new era, lin noueihed and alex warren devote a large portion of their book to study the reasons, developments and. A bumpy road ahead pdf by hassan hakimian, director of the london middle east institute and reader, economics department, soas underscores the underlying importance of the economic conditions facing the new republics, such as egypt and tunisia, which are emerging as a result of the arab spring. The term arab spring, while controversial, has come to represent the events that have rocked this region since the beginning of 2011. Eurocentrism, modernity and orientalism whatever name we assign to the events in the arab world, we end up trapping ourselves in one limiting or problematic framework or another. In arab countries, many activists who played crucial roles in the arab spring used social networking as a key tool in expressing their thoughts concerning unjust acts committed by the government. The 2007 national strategy for maintaining integrity and combating corruption had already provided for the setting up of a national anticorruption body. Schooling, economic opportunities, and the arab spring filipe r. This article discusses the sociopolitical implications of usergenerated applications and platforms through the prism of. The arab spring was a series of antigovernment protests, uprisings, and armed rebellions that spread across the middle east in early 2011. Mba advance 20102011 business english oral project. Egyptian revolution, also known as arab spring or arab uprising, was a shock for international community because egypt has been seen as one of the strongest military state in north africa region. The season of revolution 1 the season of revolution.
Youth frustration and the arab spring 3 mohammed bouazizi, the young street vendor who set himself ablaze in public in late 2010, did not intend to start a revolution in tunisia. Amir faisal, the leader of the 1916 arab revolt and a firm believer in the idea of arab unity had hypothesized that once the victors of world war i would concede arab independence and help them establish their local competence, the natural influences of race, language and interest would soon draw all arabs into one people. The regional revolution saw regime change in tunisia, egypt, and yemen, and civil wars in libya and, at the time of writing this, ongoing in syria. The arab spring has fundamentally altered the middle east and north africa mena. Saudi arabia and the arab spring ren rieger gulf research center arab spring as well as by the growing popular displeasure about the widespread corruption in the kingdom. The economic consequences of the arab spring by mohsin khan atlantic council rafik hariri center for the middle east the popular uprisings that swept the middle east in early 2011 dramatically altered the political landscape of the region with the overthrow of autocratic regimes in egypt, libya, tunisia, and yemen. Journal of communication social media and the arab spring, volume 62. The former has until recently been the only fundamental system transforma. Praise for the arab springs democratic motivations is premature.
T he aftermath of revolution is never pretty or neat. Widely circulated pdfs of tip sheets explained how to pull off a. Causes include human rights violations, economic decline, as well as extreme poverty caused by unemployment. But their purpose, relative success, and outcome remain hotly disputed in arab countries, among foreign observers, and between world powers looking to cash in on the changing map of the middle east. It began in response to oppressive regimes and a low standard of living, starting with protests in tunisia noueihed, 2011. Development of conflict in arab spring libya and syria. The reasons and economic and political consequences of. Pdf arab spring, revolutions, and the democratic values. The aftermath of the arab spring simon tisdall opinion. The name arab spring is a reference to the revolutions of 1848also known as the peoples spring when political upheavals swept europe. The arab spring was a revolution of the hungry the. As egyptians mark seventh year since 2011 revolution, authorities seal off tahrir square to prevent potential protests. This thesis explores several dimensions of domestic and international politics related to the arab spring. Noted authorities writing specifically for this volume.
Revolution of 1979, which brought the islamic republic to power. At the time of writing, the arab spring has seen the collapse of four heads of the regions authoritarian regimes. The events of the arab spring were an inevitable surprise. Revolution, counter revolution and the making of a new era, lin noueihed and alex warren devote a large portion of their book to study the reasons, developments and. The common slogan of the protesters throughout arab spring was the people want to bring down the regime aissa, 2012. The arab revolution these sources refer to it as the arab revolution supreme deliciousness 21. Change and resistance in the middle east examines these revolutions and their aftermath. Combine this lack of opportunity with a regional poverty rate exceeding.